Moral injury
Turning a hard-to-name wound into care that works.
Moral injury doesn't always look like what people expect trauma to look like. It doesn't always centre on fear. More often it looks like guilt that won't quiet, a shift in who you thought you were, a sense of betrayal that's hard to name and harder to explain to the people you love.
Many Veterans carry it for years before anyone gives it a name — and longer still before they find care that addresses it directly.
At the Centre, our moral injury research has had a single practical focus: build the tools and evidence needed so that clinicians and systems can recognize moral injury more consistently, respond more effectively, and track whether support is actually working.
We were part of the core team behind the Moral Injury Outcome Scale (MIOS), now the world's leading recommended clinical questionnaire of moral injury. This tool was built by listening first: to Veterans and frontline clinicians across Canada, the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom, whose experiences shaped it. In practice, clinicians can now administer the MIOS to identify moral injury, understand the pattern of distress a person is experiencing, and track change over time.
At the system level, it gives organizations like the Canadian Armed Forces and Veterans Affairs Canada a credible way to understand how common moral injury is, where needs are concentrated, and whether programs are having their intended effect.
Over time, this work has made the Centre a trusted source of expertise, seeked out at national policy tables, within military institutions, and in international conversations. That recognition reflects not just the quality of the research, but our orientation to developing practical and impactful work. Because those living with moral injury can't wait forever for support. They need the best of what we know, put to work today.
Three things that didn't exist before.
The Moral Injury Outcome Scale.
A clinical questionnaire we co-built with Veterans, clinicians, and international partners. Now the world's leading recommended measure of moral injury. Translated into multiple languages.
Use the MIOSAn evidence base for action.
From the largest meta-analysis of PTSD treatments in military and Veteran populations to systematic reviews of moral injury measurement, we've built the foundation other researchers and clinicians draw on.
See related publicationsA consensus framework.
Our paper, Moral Injury and Why It Matters, gives leaders, clinicians, and policymakers a clear picture of where the evidence is strong and what can be done now.
Read the frameworkActive projects.
Using Virtual Reality to support Moral-Ethical Dilemma Training for Military Personnel
Immersive technologies, such as virtual reality, are increasingly being used for military training and healthcare. However, training in ethical decision-making is often offered separately from other types of training. This study explores how these tools and approaches can be brought together to help military members build stronger ethical decision-making skills, resilience, and preparedness for challenging situations.
Better integrating ethical decision-making into military training could help members feel more prepared to navigate challenging situations while supporting resilience and ethical decision-making.
Women In International Operations: Exploring Gendered Mental Health Effects Of Complex International Deployments
To improve care for Female Veterans and military members, it is important to understand the specific gendered mental health effects of complex international deployments. The following study aims to do just that, through working directly with the women who need care. For this study, researchers will first, speak with women about their deployment experiences and mental health supports. Then we will work directly with a smaller group of women to identify priorities and develop recommendations for gender-responsive mental health care, improving the understanding of women’s deployment-related mental health and moral injury. This study is a collaboration led by the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) in partnership with Mount Saint Vincent University, Atlas Institute for Veterans and Families, and Canadian Institute for Military and Veteran Health Research
Examining women’s specific mental health experiences could help inform prevention, treatment, and policies that better support women who deploy internationally.
The Mental Health Effects of Exposure to Child Soldiers During Military Service
Encountering child solders is one of the many possible morally challenging experiences military personal may face. Understanding how such exposes effect the mental health and wellbeing of these military personal, is key to identifying the best recovery support systems. For this study, we will examine such experiences, including exploring military members concerns around confidentially when seeing mental health care. Findings may help improve trust, access to care, and support for military members experiencing moral injury.
Looking at the mental health effects of exposer to Child Soldiers may support improvement of care services, and specific moral injury support.
Disclosing Moral Injuries During Care: Attitudes and Beliefs about Confidentiality
While military members commonly experience traumatic events, such moral or ethical experiences can be difficult to discuss. Confidentially, and trust could affect military members willingness to seek mental health support, to share such experiences. This study explored current and former Canadian Armed Forces members’ beliefs around confidentiality in sharing distressing moral experiences. In doing so, our findings may identify places for improving trust in mental health care, so Veterans can access the appropriate care.
Understanding how confidentiality concerns affect Veterans’ willingness to share moral or ethical experiences may help build trust and improve access to mental health care.
Supporting Physician through burnout, Resilience, Moral Injury, and Trust
The COVID-19 pandemic placed significant demands on physicians, affecting both their mental health and wellbeing. This two-year study will examine factors affecting physician wellbeing at Western University’s Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, including individual, team, and organizational factors. Findings may help identify opportunities to strengthen physician wellness and inform policies, programs, and supports that promote resilience and wellbeing.
Exploring what affects physician wellbeing may help organizations improve supports, policies, and programs to promote resilience and mental health.
What we've published on this work.
- Rueda, A., Martin, J., Parkington, K., Perivolaris, A., Teferra, BG., Lee, GH., Tassone, VK., Lin, Q., Ivanov, M., Darnell, BC., Beavers, L., Campbell, DM., Torres, A., Lou, W., Nazarov, A., Ashbaugh, AR., Kapralos, B., Litz, B., Jetly, R., Dubrowski, A., Strudwick, G., Krishnan, S., & Bhat, V. · 2026Digital Health Monitoring and Intervention Suite for Stress in Frontline Nurses: Prospective Cohort TrialJMIR Formative Research
- Ein, N., Plouffe, RA., Houle, SA., Birch, M., Thompson, M., Bélanger, S., Richardson, JD., & Nazarov, A. · 2026Psychometric validation of the French version of the Moral Injury Outcome Scale (MIOS)Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy
- Houle, SA., Birch, M., Murphy, D., Greenberg, N., Nazarov, A., & Richardson, JD. · 2026An expert-driven consensus framework for the study of potentially morally injurious events and their impacts: findings from an e-Delphi studyEuropean Journal of Psychotraumatology
- Vartanian, O., Nazarov, A., Lam, TK., Collins, E., Thompson, MM., Rhind, SG., Silins, S., Shiu, M., Maceda, E., King, K., Vallikanthan, J., & Lad, M. · 2026The impact of moral injury-related content on reasoning and its neural correlates: Data from the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF)NeuroImage: Reports
- Trahair, C., Forchuk, CA., Plouffe, RA., Hansen, KT., Richardson, JD., & Nazarov, A. · 2025Barriers to mental health support among Canadian Veterans: Complicating factors of confidentiality and moral injuryJournal of Military, Veteran and Family Health
